His research agenda and teaching interests broadly address three main areas: (1) social change and differentiation (e.g., age, gender, race/ethnicity) in criminal behavior, justice contact, and sanctions handed out by criminal justice organizations, using quantitative and mixed method techniques to study historical and contemporary crime patterns/trends; (2) green criminology and environmental sociology, or the spatiotemporal investigation of causes and consequences of harm/crime against the environment from sociological and political-economic frames of reference; and (3) the nuances, intricacies, and ultimate advancements of historical and contemporary social scientific theory.