@article{72f435aaed3142f3816f5ad9370a9b70,
title = "A Complete Neandertal Mitochondrial Genome Sequence Determined by High-Throughput Sequencing",
abstract = "A complete mitochondrial (mt) genome sequence was reconstructed from a 38,000 year-old Neandertal individual with 8341 mtDNA sequences identified among 4.8 Gb of DNA generated from ∼0.3 g of bone. Analysis of the assembled sequence unequivocally establishes that the Neandertal mtDNA falls outside the variation of extant human mtDNAs, and allows an estimate of the divergence date between the two mtDNA lineages of 660,000 ± 140,000 years. Of the 13 proteins encoded in the mtDNA, subunit 2 of cytochrome c oxidase of the mitochondrial electron transport chain has experienced the largest number of amino acid substitutions in human ancestors since the separation from Neandertals. There is evidence that purifying selection in the Neandertal mtDNA was reduced compared with other primate lineages, suggesting that the effective population size of Neandertals was small.",
keywords = "CHEMBIO, DNA, ECO_EVOL",
author = "Green, {Richard E.} and Malaspinas, {Anna Sapfo} and Johannes Krause and Briggs, {Adrian W.} and Johnson, {Philip L.F.} and Caroline Uhler and Matthias Meyer and Good, {Jeffrey M.} and Tomislav Maricic and Udo Stenzel and Kay Pr{\"u}fer and Michael Siebauer and Burbano, {Hern{\'a}n A.} and Michael Ronan and Rothberg, {Jonathan M.} and Michael Egholm and Pavao Rudan and Dejana Brajkovi{\'c} and {\v Z}eljko Ku{\'c}an and Ivan Gu{\v s}i{\'c} and M{\aa}rten Wikstr{\"o}m and Liisa Laakkonen and Janet Kelso and Montgomery Slatkin and Svante P{\"a}{\"a}bo",
note = "Funding Information: We thank the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences, and the Presidential Innovation Fund of the Max Plank Society for making this work possible. We are indebted to Mark Stoneking, Weiwei Zhai, John Huelsenbeck, J{\'e}r{\^o}me Fuchs, Mario M{\"o}rl, Nick Patterson, David Reich, and Timothy White for helpful discussions. We also thank Bruce Rannala and Ziheng Yang for help with mcmctree , James Hudson Bullard for help with figures, and Christine Green for editing. A.-S.M., P.L.F.J., and M.S. are supported by NIH grant R01-GM40282. P.L.F.J. is also supported by a Chang-Lin Tien scholarship. M.E. is an employee of 454 Life Sciences, a Roche company. ",
year = "2008",
month = aug,
day = "8",
doi = "10.1016/j.cell.2008.06.021",
language = "English",
volume = "134",
pages = "416--426",
journal = "Cell",
issn = "0092-8674",
publisher = "Elsevier B.V.",
number = "3",
}