A multistate mark–recapture approach to characterize stream fish movement at multiple spatial scales

We studied movement of a native salmonid, white-spotted char (Salvelinus leucomaenis), in a 1-km tributary in northern Hokkaido, Japan, in May–July 2018. Based on physical mark–recapture of 501 unique individuals and detection by mobile PIT antenna over monthly intervals, a majority of fish (70%–80%) stayed within 60mof previously released locations, demonstrating what appeared to be restricted movement patterns. However, fixed PIT antenna data showed that as much as 17% of marked individuals emigrated from the study area during the 2-month study period. Probability of emigration did not depend on where in the 1-km segment individuals had been released, indicating that emigration likely represented long-distance movement. Once emigrants made a decision to emigrate, they left the tributary within 1–3 median days by moving downstream in a unidirectional manner, based on detections at a total of three antenna arrays deployed throughout the tributary. Our multiscale analysis provided strong support for co-existence of short- and long-distance movement patterns, and we conclude that movement data at multiple spatial scales complement each other to characterize population-scale movement.