Classifying the migration behaviors of pronghorn on their northern range

Andrew F. Jakes, C. Cormack Gates, Nicholas J. DeCesare, Paul F. Jones, Joshua F. Goldberg, Kyran E. Kunkel, Mark Hebblewhite

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

41 Scopus citations

Abstract

Migration functions as an adaptive strategy to improve fitness by allowing individuals to exploit spatiotemporal gradients of resources. Yet migration, especially among large ungulates, is increasingly threatened by human activities, making it necessary to understand variation in migratory behavior. We identified different movement strategies for pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) at the northern limit of the species’ range, and tested hypotheses for variation between migratory behaviors. From 2003–2010, we captured 185 female pronghorn across Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada, and Montana, USA. We identified discrete migratory behaviors, including seasonal migration, facultative winter migration, potential post-fawning migration, and the use of stopover sites. Fifty-five percent of individuals undertook seasonal migrations, and we recorded the longest reported round-trip migration for the species at 888 km. Some (22%) seasonal migrations included ≥1 stopover sites, with significantly greater use of stopovers during spring than fall. Migrants (34%) and residents (20%) undertook facultative winter migrations, with the majority (68%) undertaken by migrants. Additionally, 12% of individuals exhibited potential post-fawning migrations. For each season, we estimated a suite of movement metrics and used multivariate statistics to compare movement similarities across migration behaviors. Correspondence analyses revealed 3 groupings of migration behavior. Spring migration was its own grouping, characterized by more sinuous and slower movements, consistent with the forage maturation hypothesis. Fall migration, facultative winter migration, and potential post-fawning migration clustered in a single group that displayed linear, fast movements, consistent with being influenced by ecologically limited resources such as severe winters or predation avoidance. Lastly, spring and fall stopover sites were grouped together as a means to use high-quality forage during migration, also consistent with the forage maturation hypothesis. At the northern periphery of pronghorn range, differences between migratory behaviors are influenced by various ecological factors, merit increased attention, and contribute to overall persistence.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)1229-1242
Number of pages14
JournalJournal of Wildlife Management
Volume82
Issue number6
DOIs
StatePublished - Aug 2018

Keywords

  • Antilocapra americana
  • Northern Sagebrush Steppe
  • facultative winter migration
  • net squared displacement
  • post-fawning migration
  • pronghorn
  • seasonal migration
  • stopover sites

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