Abstract
Group living is found in only 10–15% of carnivorans and can shape demographic processes. Sociality is associated with benefits including increased ability to acquire resources, decreased risk of mortality, and increased reproductive success. We hypothesized that carnivore group size is influenced by conditions related to competition, prey, and mortality risk, which should affect benefits and costs of sociality and resulting demographic processes. We evaluated our hypotheses with gray wolves (Canis lupus) using a 14-year dataset from a large, heavily managed population in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA. Annual mean group size ranged 4.86–7.03 and averaged 5.92 overall. Most groups were relatively small, with 80% containing ≤8 members. Groups were larger in areas with higher densities of conspecific groups, and smaller where prey availability was low. Group sizes remained largely stable while the population was unharvested or under low-intensity harvest but declined under high-intensity harvest. Results support the hypothesis that as habitat becomes saturated, inclusive fitness may become increasingly important such that subordinates delay dispersal. In addition to direct implications for birth and deaths, conditions related to prey and mortality risk may also influence dispersal decisions. Our work also provided a model to predict group size of wolves in our system, directly fulfilling a management need.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | e22193 |
| Journal | Journal of Wildlife Management |
| Volume | 86 |
| Issue number | 3 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Apr 2022 |
Funding
Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. We thank H. S. Robinson, A. D. Luis, and D. H. Pletscher for general advice and helpful feedback on earlier versions of this manuscript. We thank additional MFWP wolf specialists, including E. H. Bradley, N. J. Lance, K. Laudon, A. A. Nelson, T. W. Parks, and M. S. Ross, and technicians and volunteers, for their invaluable support and effort in monitoring wolves for this work. MFWP biologists, researchers, and staff also provided support, including R. M. Inman, J. M. Vore, K. M. Proffitt, N. J. DeCesare, and numerous area biologists. S. A. Courville provided ungulate data from the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes. We also thank C. L. Waters, S. B. Bassing, K. J. Barker, and A. C. Keever for support. This work was supported by revenues from sales of Montana hunting and fishing licenses, and Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Grant W-161-R-1 to Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, and by a W. A. Franke Wildlife Biology Graduate Fellowship. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. We thank H. S. Robinson, A. D. Luis, and D. H. Pletscher for general advice and helpful feedback on earlier versions of this manuscript. We thank additional MFWP wolf specialists, including E. H. Bradley, N. J. Lance, K. Laudon, A. A. Nelson, T. W. Parks, and M. S. Ross, and technicians and volunteers, for their invaluable support and effort in monitoring wolves for this work. MFWP biologists, researchers, and staff also provided support, including R. M. Inman, J. M. Vore, K. M. Proffitt, N. J. DeCesare, and numerous area biologists. S. A. Courville provided ungulate data from the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes. We also thank C. L. Waters, S. B. Bassing, K. J. Barker, and A. C. Keever for support. This work was supported by revenues from sales of Montana hunting and fishing licenses, and Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Grant W‐161‐R‐1 to Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, and by a W. A. Franke Wildlife Biology Graduate Fellowship.
| Funder number |
|---|
| W‐161‐R‐1 |
Keywords
- Canis lupus
- benefits and costs
- carnivorans
- dispersal
- gray wolves
- group living
- group size
- sociality