TY - JOUR
T1 - Environmental Nanoparticles Reach Human Fetal Brains
AU - Calderón-Garcidueñas, Lilian
AU - Pérez-Calatayud, Ángel Augusto
AU - González-Maciel, Angélica
AU - Reynoso-Robles, Rafael
AU - Silva-Pereyra, Héctor G.
AU - Ramos-Morales, Andrea
AU - Torres-Jardón, Ricardo
AU - Soberanes-Cerino, Candelario de Jesús
AU - Carrillo-Esper, Raúl
AU - Briones-Garduño, Jesús Carlos
AU - Conde-Gutiérrez, Yazmín Del Socorro
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2022/2
Y1 - 2022/2
N2 - Anthropogenic ultrafine particulate matter (UFPM) and industrial and natural nanopar-ticles (NPs) are ubiquitous. Normal term, preeclamptic, and postconceptional weeks(PCW) 8–15 human placentas and brains from polluted Mexican cities were analyzed by TEM and energy-dis-persive X-ray spectroscopy. We documented NPs in maternal erythrocytes, early syncytiotropho-blast, Hofbauer cells, and fetal endothelium (ECs). Fetal ECs exhibited caveolar NP activity and widespread erythroblast contact. Brain ECs displayed micropodial extensions reaching luminal NP-loaded erythroblasts. Neurons and primitive glia displayed nuclear, organelle, and cytoplasmic NPs in both singles and conglomerates. Nanoscale Fe, Ti, and Al alloys, Hg, Cu, Ca, Sn, and Si were detected in placentas and fetal brains. Preeclamptic fetal blood NP vesicles are prospective neonate UFPM exposure biomarkers. NPs are reaching brain tissues at the early developmental PCW 8–15 stage, and NPs in maternal and fetal placental tissue compartments strongly suggests the placental barrier is not limiting the access of environmental NPs. Erythroblasts are the main early NP carriers to fetal tissues. The passage of UFPM/NPs from mothers to fetuses is documented and fingerprint-ing placental single particle composition could be useful for postnatal risk assessments. Fetal brain combustion and industrial NPs raise medical concerns about prenatal and postnatal health, including neurological and neurodegenerative lifelong consequences.
AB - Anthropogenic ultrafine particulate matter (UFPM) and industrial and natural nanopar-ticles (NPs) are ubiquitous. Normal term, preeclamptic, and postconceptional weeks(PCW) 8–15 human placentas and brains from polluted Mexican cities were analyzed by TEM and energy-dis-persive X-ray spectroscopy. We documented NPs in maternal erythrocytes, early syncytiotropho-blast, Hofbauer cells, and fetal endothelium (ECs). Fetal ECs exhibited caveolar NP activity and widespread erythroblast contact. Brain ECs displayed micropodial extensions reaching luminal NP-loaded erythroblasts. Neurons and primitive glia displayed nuclear, organelle, and cytoplasmic NPs in both singles and conglomerates. Nanoscale Fe, Ti, and Al alloys, Hg, Cu, Ca, Sn, and Si were detected in placentas and fetal brains. Preeclamptic fetal blood NP vesicles are prospective neonate UFPM exposure biomarkers. NPs are reaching brain tissues at the early developmental PCW 8–15 stage, and NPs in maternal and fetal placental tissue compartments strongly suggests the placental barrier is not limiting the access of environmental NPs. Erythroblasts are the main early NP carriers to fetal tissues. The passage of UFPM/NPs from mothers to fetuses is documented and fingerprint-ing placental single particle composition could be useful for postnatal risk assessments. Fetal brain combustion and industrial NPs raise medical concerns about prenatal and postnatal health, including neurological and neurodegenerative lifelong consequences.
KW - Environmental medicine
KW - Erythroblasts
KW - Fetal brains
KW - NPs extracellular vesicles
KW - Nanoparticles
KW - Neurodevelopmental disorders
KW - Petrochemical pollu-tion
KW - Placental impairment
KW - Preeclampsia
KW - Tabasco
KW - Villahermosa
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85124528491&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/biomedicines10020410
DO - 10.3390/biomedicines10020410
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85124528491
SN - 2227-9059
VL - 10
JO - Biomedicines
JF - Biomedicines
IS - 2
M1 - 410
ER -