TY - JOUR
T1 - Escape from natural enemies depends on the enemies, the invader, and competition
AU - Lucero, Jacob E.
AU - Arab, Nafiseh Mahdavi
AU - Meyer, Sebastian T.
AU - Pal, Robert W.
AU - Fletcher, Rebecca A.
AU - Nagy, David U.
AU - Callaway, Ragan M.
AU - Weisser, Wolfgang W.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
PY - 2020/10/1
Y1 - 2020/10/1
N2 - The enemy release hypothesis (ERH) attributes the success of some exotic plant species to reduced top-down effects of natural enemies in the non-native range relative to the native range. Many studies have tested this idea, but very few have considered the simultaneous effects of multiple kinds of enemies on more than one invasive species in both the native and non-native ranges. Here, we examined the effects of two important groups of natural enemies–insect herbivores and soil biota–on the performance of Tanacetum vulgare (native to Europe but invasive in the USA) and Solidago canadensis (native to the USA but invasive in Europe) in their native and non-native ranges, and in the presence and absence of competition. In the field, we replicated full-factorial experiments that crossed insecticide, T. vulgare–S. canadensis competition, and biogeographic range (Europe vs. USA) treatments. In greenhouses, we replicated full-factorial experiments that crossed soil sterilization, plant–soil feedback, and biogeographic range treatments. We evaluated the effects of experimental treatments on T. vulgare and S. canadensis biomass. The effects of natural enemies were idiosyncratic. In the non-native range and relative to populations in the native range, T. vulgare escaped the negative effects of insect herbivores but not soil biota, depending upon the presence of S. canadensis; and S. canadensis escaped the negative effects of soil biota but not insect herbivores, regardless of competition. Thus, biogeographic escape from natural enemies depended upon the enemies, the invader, and competition. Synthesis: By explicitly testing the ERH in terms of more than one kind of enemy, more than one invader, and more than one continent, this study enhances our nuanced perspective of how natural enemies can influence the performance of invasive species in their native and non-native ranges.
AB - The enemy release hypothesis (ERH) attributes the success of some exotic plant species to reduced top-down effects of natural enemies in the non-native range relative to the native range. Many studies have tested this idea, but very few have considered the simultaneous effects of multiple kinds of enemies on more than one invasive species in both the native and non-native ranges. Here, we examined the effects of two important groups of natural enemies–insect herbivores and soil biota–on the performance of Tanacetum vulgare (native to Europe but invasive in the USA) and Solidago canadensis (native to the USA but invasive in Europe) in their native and non-native ranges, and in the presence and absence of competition. In the field, we replicated full-factorial experiments that crossed insecticide, T. vulgare–S. canadensis competition, and biogeographic range (Europe vs. USA) treatments. In greenhouses, we replicated full-factorial experiments that crossed soil sterilization, plant–soil feedback, and biogeographic range treatments. We evaluated the effects of experimental treatments on T. vulgare and S. canadensis biomass. The effects of natural enemies were idiosyncratic. In the non-native range and relative to populations in the native range, T. vulgare escaped the negative effects of insect herbivores but not soil biota, depending upon the presence of S. canadensis; and S. canadensis escaped the negative effects of soil biota but not insect herbivores, regardless of competition. Thus, biogeographic escape from natural enemies depended upon the enemies, the invader, and competition. Synthesis: By explicitly testing the ERH in terms of more than one kind of enemy, more than one invader, and more than one continent, this study enhances our nuanced perspective of how natural enemies can influence the performance of invasive species in their native and non-native ranges.
KW - Solidago canadensis
KW - Tanacetum vulgare
KW - biogeography
KW - enemy release hypothesis
KW - insect herbivory
KW - invasive species
KW - plant–herbivore interactions
KW - plant–soil feedbacks
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85091366045&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/ece3.6737
DO - 10.1002/ece3.6737
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85091366045
SN - 2045-7758
VL - 10
SP - 10818
EP - 10828
JO - Ecology and Evolution
JF - Ecology and Evolution
IS - 19
ER -