Molecular basis for P-site inhibition of adenylyl cyclase

P-site inhibitors are adenosine and adenine nucleotide analogues that inhibit adenylyl cyclase, the effector enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of cyclic AMP from ATP. Some of these inhibitors may represent physiological regulators of adenylyl cyclase, and the most potent may ultimately serve as useful therapeutic agents. Described here are crystal structures of the catalytic core of adenylyl cyclase complexed with two such P-site inhibitors, 2'-deoxyadenosine 3'-monophosphate (2'-d-3'-AMP) and 2',5'-dideoxy-adenosine 3'-triphosphate (2',5'-dd-3'-ATP). Both inhibitors bind in the active site yet exhibit non- or uncompetitive patterns of inhibition. While most P-site inhibitors require pyrophosphate (PP(i)) as a coinhibitor, 2',5'-dd-3'-ATP is a potent inhibitor by itself. The crystal structure reveals that this inhibitor exhibits two binding modes: one with the nucleoside moiety bound to the nucleoside binding pocket of the enzyme and the other with the β and γ phosphates bound to the pyrophosphate site of the 2'-d-3'-AMP-PP(i) complex. A single metal binding site is observed in the complex with 2'-d-3'-AMP, whereas two are observed in the complex with 2',5'-dd-3'-ATP. Even though P-site inhibitors are typically 10 times more potent in the presence of Mn²⁺, the electron density maps reveal no inherent preference of either metal site for Mn²⁺ over Mg²⁺. 2',5'-dd-3'-ATP binds to the catalytic core of adenylyl cyclase with a K(d) of 2.4 μM in the presence of Mg²⁺ and 0.2 μM in the presence of Mn²⁺. Pyrophosphate does not compete with 2',5'-dd-3'-ATP and enhances inhibition.