Preferred habitat and effective population size drive landscape genetic patterns in an endangered species

Landscape genetics provides a framework for pinpointing environmental features that determine the important exchange of migrants among populations. These studies usually test the significance of environmental variables on gene flow, yet ignore one fundamental driver of genetic variation in small populations, effectivepopulation size,N_e. We combinedboth approaches in evaluating genetic connectivity of a threatened ungulate, woodland caribou. We used leastcost paths to calculate matrices of resistance distance for landscape variables (preferred habitat, anthropogenic features and predation risk) and populationpairwise harmonic means of N_e, and correlated them with genetic distances, F_ST and D_c. Results showed that spatial configuration of preferred habitat and Newere the twobest predictors of genetic relationships. Additionally, controlling for the effect of N_e increased the strength of correlations of environmental variables with genetic distance, highlighting the significant underlying effect of N_e in modulating genetic drift and perceived spatial connectivity. We therefore have provided empirical support to emphasize preventing increased habitat loss and promoting population growth to ensure metapopulation viability.