Social determinants of health and overdose events in Great Falls, MT (2019–2022)

The aim of this study was to determine if correlations exist between certain social determinants of health (SDoH) and drug overdose events occurring in the city of Great Falls, Montana, between 2019 and 2022. Emergency Medical System data about suspected overdose events were collected from the Montana Department of Public Health and Human Services (DPHHS). Statistical analysis was completed to determine risk ratios according to zip code of the overdose event, patient demographics and mental health history. Chi-square analysis was used to determine if statistically significant differences existed among certain populations. This study found significant association of zip code with increased risk of overdose; however, small sample size in the “highest risk” zip code influences the data, suggesting need for greater data collection. Analysis did suggest increased risk of overdose among Native American residents, but this may be explained by under-enumeration of Great Falls’ Native American population in Census Bureau data. Finally, 0–17-year-olds and those with mental health history had significantly increased risk of experiencing intentional self-harm related overdose events. Understanding overdose as a mental health issue can inform targeted, preventative interventions moving forward.