TY - JOUR
T1 - Urban air pollution targets the dorsal vagal complex and dark chocolate offers neuroprotection
AU - Villarreal-Calderon, Rafael
AU - Torres-Jardón, Ricardo
AU - Palacios-Moreno, Juan
AU - Osnaya, Norma
AU - Pérez-Guillé, Beatriz
AU - Maronpot, Robert R.
AU - Reed, William
AU - Zhu, Hongtu
AU - Calderón-Garcidueñas, Lilian
PY - 2010/11
Y1 - 2010/11
N2 - Mexico City (MC) residents exposed to fine particulate matter and endotoxin exhibit inflammation of the olfactory bulb, substantia nigra, and vagus nerve. The goal of this study was to model these endpoints in mice and examine the neuroprotective effects of chocolate. Mice exposed to MC air received no treatment or oral dark chocolate and were compared to clean-air mice either untreated or treated intraperitoneally with endotoxin. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and CD14 messenger RNA (mRNA) were quantified after 4, 8, and 16 months of exposure in target brain regions. After 16 months of exposure, the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) exhibited significant inflammation in endotoxin-treated and MC mice (COX-2 and IL-1β P <.001). Mexico City mice had olfactory bulb upregulation of CD14 (P =.002) and significant DVC imbalance in genes for antioxidant defenses, apoptosis, and neurodegeneration. These findings demonstrate sustained DVC inflammation in mice exposed to MC air, which is mitigated by chocolate administration.
AB - Mexico City (MC) residents exposed to fine particulate matter and endotoxin exhibit inflammation of the olfactory bulb, substantia nigra, and vagus nerve. The goal of this study was to model these endpoints in mice and examine the neuroprotective effects of chocolate. Mice exposed to MC air received no treatment or oral dark chocolate and were compared to clean-air mice either untreated or treated intraperitoneally with endotoxin. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and CD14 messenger RNA (mRNA) were quantified after 4, 8, and 16 months of exposure in target brain regions. After 16 months of exposure, the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) exhibited significant inflammation in endotoxin-treated and MC mice (COX-2 and IL-1β P <.001). Mexico City mice had olfactory bulb upregulation of CD14 (P =.002) and significant DVC imbalance in genes for antioxidant defenses, apoptosis, and neurodegeneration. These findings demonstrate sustained DVC inflammation in mice exposed to MC air, which is mitigated by chocolate administration.
KW - Parkinson disease risk
KW - cyclooxygenase-2
KW - dorsal vagal complex
KW - endotoxins
KW - inteleukin-1
KW - neuroinflammation
KW - olfactory bulb
KW - urban pollution
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=78650921191&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1177/1091581810383587
DO - 10.1177/1091581810383587
M3 - Article
C2 - 21030725
AN - SCOPUS:78650921191
SN - 1091-5818
VL - 29
SP - 604
EP - 615
JO - International Journal of Toxicology
JF - International Journal of Toxicology
IS - 6
ER -
