Vestibular stimulation in patients after moderate traumatic brain injury

Background: Vestibular stimulation is increasingly recognized as a promising neurorehabilitation strategy following traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, its application in moderate TBI remains insufficiently investigated. Material/ Methods: A scoping review was conducted across PubMed, EBSCO, Medline, and Google Scholar. Peer-reviewed articles published up to June 2025 were included, focusing on vestibular interventions such as galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) exercises in individuals with moderate TBI. Results: Most existing studies address mild or severe TBI, with limited exploration of moderate cases. Preliminary evidence indicates that vestibular stimulation may improve balance, coordination, and cognitive function in this population. Nonetheless, current findings are largely derived from small-scale studies and case reports, restricting generalizability. Conclusions: There is a clear gap in high-quality research on vestibular stimulation in moderate TBI. Rigorous controlled trials are required to establish standardized protocols and validate therapeutic efficacy for this group.