Abstract
Using GPS-tracking from 61 populations of four ungulate species, Aikens et al. provide evidence that the dynamic nature of forage resources generates the diversity of movement tactics used by animals. Specifically, patterns of spring green-up shaped how closely animals tracked resources and where migration occurred across temperate ecosystems.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 3444-3449.e4 |
| Journal | Current Biology |
| Volume | 30 |
| Issue number | 17 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Sep 7 2020 |
Funding
We thank Bryan Lamont for contributing data. Comments from Bethann Merkle, Jacob Goheen, Brett Jesmer, and Tristan Nuñez helped to improve earlier versions of this manuscript. We thank Alethea Steingisser, Joanna Merson, and Jim Meacham for creating the study area map. This project was conceived during a workshop led by A.M. at the Centre for Advanced Study in Oslo, Norway, that funded and hosted our research project “Climate effects on harvested large mammal populations” during the academic year of 2015–2016. E.O.A. was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship Program, the University of Wyoming’s Berry Fellowship, the Wyoming NASA Space Grant Consortium (NASA grant # NNX15AI08H ), and a Graduate Research Opportunities Worldwide award, funded by the NSF and the Research Council of Norway . The red deer and roe deer population data have been largely drawn by the Eurodeer collaborative initiative ( http://euromammals.org/ ). This work would not have been possible without the many funding sources that supported the data collection efforts. We thank the following organizations (with population and species that they funded in parentheses): Parks Canada (Jasper elk and mule deer); Muskwa-Kechika Trust Fund , British Columbia Ministry of Environment , and the University of Northern British Columbia (northern BC elk); Province of British Columbia and the Habitat Conservation Trust Foundation (southeast BC elk); Idaho Department of Fish and Game and Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration Program Funds , Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Funds (all Idaho elk and mule deer); Safari Club International , Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks , and Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation (Bitterroot elk); NSF (LTREB grant # 1556248 to M. Hebblewhite and E.H.M.), Parks Canada , Safari Club International Foundation , Alberta Fish and Game Association (MSL), Alberta Conservation Association Research program , Wild Sheep Foundation of Alberta , Alberta Conservation Association (grants in biodiversity), NSERC Discovery , NSERC PGS , Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation , International Association for Bear Research and Management , West Fraser , Weyerhaueser , Mountain Equipment Co-operative , and the Cannon National Parks Science Scholarship (Ya Ha Tinda elk); Wyoming Game and Fish Department , Wyoming Animal Damage Management Board , Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation , and USFS (Shoshone National Forest); Cody Country Outfitters and Guides , Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation , Klarman Family Foundation , George B. Storer Foundation , Fran and Lenox Baker Foundation , Robert B. and Emilie W. Betts Family Foundation , and National Geographic Society (grant award number: WW-100C-17 ); Wyoming Outfitters and Guides Association (Clarks Fork elk, Cody elk, and Wiggins Fork elk); USDA APHIS VS , Greater Yellowstone Interagency Brucellosis Committee , National Science Foundation , Wyoming Wildlife Livestock Disease Partnership , and the Morris Animal Foundation (all remaining elk datasets from Wyoming); Habitat Conservation Trust Foundation and the Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program (southeast BC mule deer); Wyoming Game and Fish Department , Muley Fanatic Foundation , Wyoming Governor’s Big Game License Coalition , Bowhunters of Wyoming , Wyoming Wildlife and Natural Resource Trust , Klarman Family Foundation , Boone and Crockett Club , Wyoming Outfitters and Guides Association , U.S. Bureau of Land Management , and Wyoming Animal Damage Management (Wyoming range deer); Département de l’Etude du Milieu Naturel et Agricole (Hertogenwald and St. Hubert red deer); “Move-It” ANR grant ANR-16-CE02-0010-02 to A.J.M.H. and N.M. (Aurignac roe deer); the Swedish Association for Hunting and Wildlife Management , the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency , Holmen Skog AB , Ittur AB , Virå Bruk AB , Högestads & Christinehofs Fideikommiss , Region Skåne , Karl-Erik Önnesjös Stiftelse för Vetenskaplig forskning och Utveckling , Stiftelsen Oscar och Lili Lamms Minne , Marie-Claire Cronstedts Stiftelse , Ericsbergs Fideikommiss AB , Helge Ax:son Johnsons Stiftelse , Ågerups & Elsagårdens Säteri AB , Håkan Wikholm Assmåsa Gods AB , and Kolmårdens insamlingsstiftelse/Tåby Allmänning (Kolmården and Skåne red deer); the Silfverschiöld family , the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency Wildlife Research fund , Swedish Hunters Association Research fund , and the private fund “Marie-Claire Cronstedts stiftelse” (Koberg roe deer); Ministry of Rural Affairs and Consumer Protection, state of Baden-Württemberg (Rhine Valley roe deer); Forestry and Wildlife Service, Autonomous Province of Trento (Bondone and Rendena-Giudicarie roe deer); and Research Council of Norway (grant 251112 ; NINA west roe deer). The contribution of the Bavarian Forest National Park was funded by the program Ziel ETZ Free State of Bavaria – Czech Republic 2014-2020 (INTERREG V). F.C. was supported by the Sarah and Daniel Hrdy Fellowship 2015-2016 at Harvard University OEB. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. We thank Bryan Lamont for contributing data. Comments from Bethann Merkle, Jacob Goheen, Brett Jesmer, and Tristan Nuñez helped to improve earlier versions of this manuscript. We thank Alethea Steingisser, Joanna Merson, and Jim Meacham for creating the study area map. This project was conceived during a workshop led by A.M. at the Centre for Advanced Study in Oslo, Norway, that funded and hosted our research project “Climate effects on harvested large mammal populations” during the academic year of 2015–2016. E.O.A. was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship Program, the University of Wyoming's Berry Fellowship, the Wyoming NASA Space Grant Consortium (NASA grant #NNX15AI08H), and a Graduate Research Opportunities Worldwide award, funded by the NSF and the Research Council of Norway. The red deer and roe deer population data have been largely drawn by the Eurodeer collaborative initiative (http://euromammals.org/). This work would not have been possible without the many funding sources that supported the data collection efforts. We thank the following organizations (with population and species that they funded in parentheses): Parks Canada (Jasper elk and mule deer); Muskwa-Kechika Trust Fund, British Columbia Ministry of Environment, and the University of Northern British Columbia (northern BC elk); Province of British Columbia and the Habitat Conservation Trust Foundation (southeast BC elk); Idaho Department of Fish and Game and Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration Program Funds, Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Funds (all Idaho elk and mule deer); Safari Club International, Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks, and Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation (Bitterroot elk); NSF (LTREB grant #1556248 to M. Hebblewhite and E.H.M.), Parks Canada, Safari Club International Foundation, Alberta Fish and Game Association (MSL), Alberta Conservation Association Research program, Wild Sheep Foundation of Alberta, Alberta Conservation Association (grants in biodiversity), NSERC Discovery, NSERC PGS, Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, International Association for Bear Research and Management, West Fraser, Weyerhaueser, Mountain Equipment Co-operative, and the Cannon National Parks Science Scholarship (Ya Ha Tinda elk); Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Wyoming Animal Damage Management Board, Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, and USFS (Shoshone National Forest); Cody Country Outfitters and Guides, Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation, Klarman Family Foundation, George B. Storer Foundation, Fran and Lenox Baker Foundation, Robert B. and Emilie W. Betts Family Foundation, and National Geographic Society (grant award number: WW-100C-17); Wyoming Outfitters and Guides Association (Clarks Fork elk, Cody elk, and Wiggins Fork elk); USDA APHIS VS, Greater Yellowstone Interagency Brucellosis Committee, National Science Foundation, Wyoming Wildlife Livestock Disease Partnership, and the Morris Animal Foundation (all remaining elk datasets from Wyoming); Habitat Conservation Trust Foundation and the Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program (southeast BC mule deer); Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Muley Fanatic Foundation, Wyoming Governor's Big Game License Coalition, Bowhunters of Wyoming, Wyoming Wildlife and Natural Resource Trust, Klarman Family Foundation, Boone and Crockett Club, Wyoming Outfitters and Guides Association, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, and Wyoming Animal Damage Management (Wyoming range deer); Département de l'Etude du Milieu Naturel et Agricole (Hertogenwald and St. Hubert red deer); “Move-It” ANR grant ANR-16-CE02-0010-02 to A.J.M.H. and N.M. (Aurignac roe deer); the Swedish Association for Hunting and Wildlife Management, the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Holmen Skog AB, Ittur AB, Virå Bruk AB, Högestads & Christinehofs Fideikommiss, Region Skåne, Karl-Erik Önnesjös Stiftelse för Vetenskaplig forskning och Utveckling, Stiftelsen Oscar och Lili Lamms Minne, Marie-Claire Cronstedts Stiftelse, Ericsbergs Fideikommiss AB, Helge Ax:son Johnsons Stiftelse, Ågerups & Elsagårdens Säteri AB, Håkan Wikholm Assmåsa Gods AB, and Kolmårdens insamlingsstiftelse/Tåby Allmänning (Kolmården and Skåne red deer); the Silfverschiöld family, the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency Wildlife Research fund, Swedish Hunters Association Research fund, and the private fund “Marie-Claire Cronstedts stiftelse” (Koberg roe deer); Ministry of Rural Affairs and Consumer Protection, state of Baden-Württemberg (Rhine Valley roe deer); Forestry and Wildlife Service, Autonomous Province of Trento (Bondone and Rendena-Giudicarie roe deer); and Research Council of Norway (grant 251112; NINA west roe deer). The contribution of the Bavarian Forest National Park was funded by the program Ziel ETZ Free State of Bavaria – Czech Republic 2014-2020 (INTERREG V). F.C. was supported by the Sarah and Daniel Hrdy Fellowship 2015-2016 at Harvard University OEB. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. E.O.A. M.J.K. A.M. I.M.R. J.A.M. F.C. M. Hebblewhite, M.A.H. W.P. and K.L.M. conceived of the research. All authors contributed data and J.D.G. and E.O.A. managed the data. E.O.A. J.A.M. and I.M.R. analyzed the data. E.O.A. and M.J.K. wrote the manuscript and all authors contributed to revisions. The authors declare no competing interests.
| Funders | Funder number |
|---|---|
| ANR-16-CE02-0010-02 | |
| Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks | |
| Wyoming Fish and Game Department | |
| National Aeronautics and Space Administration | NNX15AI08H |
| Morris Animal Foundation | |
| National Geographic Society | WW-100C-17 |
| U.S. Forest Service-Retired | |
| Alberta Conservation Association | |
| University of Wyoming | |
| University of Northern British Columbia | |
| 1556248 | |
| 251112 | |
Keywords
- Capreolus capreolus
- Cervus canadensis
- Cervus elaphus
- Odocoileus hemionus
- green wave
- migration
- residency
- resource landscape
- resource tracking